The properties of metallic minerals and metallic minerals-electrolyte interface have always been a concern in the induced polarization (IP) geophysical method due to their effects on the IP response. Electrochemical reactions, if carried out, affect the interface characteristics. Hence, the occurrence of the reactions and their effects on the IP signal have been modeled through recent research, but they are not well-known yet. Identifying these matters can help to create more realistic physical and petrophysical models, for a better explanation of IP effects. So, in the present study, 11 metallic mineral samples and the laboratory method named bipolar electrochemistry, introduced for the first time to the IP research field, have been used to show the performance of electrochemical reactions at the interface and the effect of various metallic minerals on them. The results showed that if the applied external electric potential is high enough, electrochemical reactions are carried out at the metallic minerals-electrolyte interface. In this study, these reactions were electrolysis of water and were carried out in all minerals (except sphalerite). However, the potential required to initiate the reactions was different for different minerals. The lack of water electrolysis reaction on the surface of sphalerite can probably be attributed to its non-conductivity. On the other hand, the external potential responsible for the interface reactions was linearly linked to the potential difference between the two sample’s extremities. Considering the different potentials required to start the reactions in various samples-electrolyte interfaces, and the absence of these reactions in the case of sphalerite samples, it can be concluded that the samples’ compounds affect the reactions and their commencing potentials. So, we believe that by studying these reactions, some properties of the metallic minerals can be achieved. Identifying the minerals’ properties and the reactions that can occur at their surfaces is essential for a detailed understanding of the factors affecting the IP phenomenon. To do this, we found bipolar electrochemistry as an appropriate way.

From scientific and technical point of view, Solid-liquid interface reaciton in Iron- Aluminium binary system is important. Expect early transient stage of contact, the dissolution, formation and growth of intermetallic layer occurs in accordance with kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. These reactions were studied through immersion of Iron samples in liquid Aluminium at different time and temperature. The kinetic of reaction and interface microstructure were results indicate when there is little dissolution, the kinetic of reaction obeys a parabolic growth with a negative deviaiton.Although based on thermodynamic concept, FeAl3is a preferable phase but interface reaction produced two layers include the major thick Fe2 Ais and the minor thin FeAl3 layer that the later compound exists between Aluminium and Fe2 Ais phase.

Solid polymer electrolytes are essential components for realizing solid-state batteries. Solid-state batteries have long relied on polymer electrolytes based on polyoxyethylene. However, these electrolytes have a limited electrochemical window, which restricts future improvements in energy density. This work produced and characterized a solid polymer electrolyte based on plasticized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Electrochemical methods, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, were used to determine the electrolyte's conductivity. For the manufacture of this plasticized PVP solid polymer electrolyte, propylene carbonate (PC) was used as the plasticizer, and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄), lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), and lithium nitrate (LiNO₃) served as the salts. The plasticized PVP solid polymer electrolyte was prepared using the solution casting technique. The synthesized plasticized PVP was verified using UV-Vis spectroscopy. AC impedance measurements were conducted to determine the conductivity of the films, while surface properties were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the electrochemical stability of the electrolytes was examined.

Lithium-air battery has been a focus of study for the past two decades due to their high theoretical energy density. Solid state electrolytes with high ion conuducting capability still remains a critical challenge in developing lithium-air batteries. Lithium aluminium titanium phosphate with high ion conducting properties and NASICON structure is a hopeful material as solid electrolyte. In this study we have prepared LATP powders by a solution based synthesis method continued by annealing to obtain convenient crystallinity without impurities. Preferred Crystallization temperature was determined to be 800 ° C by x-ray diffraction analysis. . The milled powder was used to form pellets, which was then calcined 850 ° C for two level of pressing pressure and sintering time. Highest ionic conductivity of 1. 07×10-4 was abtained by pressing pressure of 50 Mpa and duel time of 3 hours. Although highest density refered to pressing pressure of 300 Mpa and 3 hours duel time.

In this paper, the reflection and refraction of longitudinal wave from a plane surface separating a micropolar viscoelastic solid half space and a fluid saturated incompressible half space is studied. A longitudinal wave (P-wave) impinges obliquely at the interface. Amplitude ratios for various reflected and transmitted waves have been obtained. Then these amplitude ratios have been computed numerically for a specific model and results thus obtained are shown graphically with angle of incidence of incident wave. It is found that these amplitude ratios depend on angle of incidence of the incident wave as well as on the properties of media. A particular case when longitudinal wave reflects at free surface of micropolar viscoelastic solid has been deduced and discussed. From the present investigation, a special case when fluid saturated porous half space reduces to empty porous solid has also been deduced and discussed with the help of graphs.

Carboxymethylated lignin (CML), a water-soluble lignin derivative with more carboxylic groups introduced by chemical modification, can be used as dispersant in industry. In this paper, using the methods of zeta potential measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV spectroscopy, natural graphite (NG) and high-purity graphite (HPG) were selected to investigate the adsorption characteristics of CML at the hydrophobic solid/water interface. The adsorption isotherm of CML on HPG was more suitable for the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model, whereas the opposite result was obtained for the adsorption of CML on NG. Moreover, the amounts adsorbed of CML on HPG increased with higher ionic strength and lowering solution pH. However, the uptake of CML on NG increased dramatically with adding NaCl under acidic condition, while the ionic strength had no obvious influence on the adsorption under neutral condition. With increasing solution pH, the amounts of CML adsorbed on NG were dropped under acidic condition followed by increases under alkaline condition. It is suggested that the interactions between CML and the minor metallic impurities on NG surface probably contribute considerably to the differences between adsorption behaviors of CML on NG and HPG in varying solution conditions. Moreover, the results showed that the adsorption mechanism of CML at graphite/water interface could be described by Lennard-Jones potential.

The performance of the solid acid fuel cell by CsH2PO4 electrolyte was analyzed using the present model of the electrochemical reaction and transport phenomena, which are fully coupled with the governing equations. Development of such a model requires creating the three-dimensional geometry and its mesh grid, discretization of momentum, mass and electric charge balance equation and solving the equations based on the information of electrical and electrochemical models in different areas of the cell consisting of porous electrodes, gas channels, and the solid parts like the current collector. The model equations were solved employing a finite elements technique solver of cell potential. Different parameters including current density (i), cell potential (V), cell power and concentration distribution of hydrogen, oxygen and water vapor have been investigated in this study. Also, the effect of different voltages on the concentration distribution of all the mentioned species through the cell length are taken into account. The results showed that there is a noticeable difference between H2, O2 and H2O concentration through the cell length subjected to various voltages. This difference was more apparent at lower voltages due to higher current density and higher consumption of species. The polarization curve is suitably consistent with the model and experimental data which verify the present simulation results.

Zinc oxide and titanium-strontium oxide were chosen for the present study because of the entire thermodynamically stable semiconductor in contact with aqueous solution, and its bulk properties (Band structure, nobilities impurity ionization energies, etc). Differential capacitance measurements of single crystal semiconductor interface and the aqueous solution K2SO4 and KCl in different pH enables us to measure flat band potential which carries the feature many semiconductor properties. Plotting Mott-Schottky curve based on the results obtained by measuring electrical capacity of ZnO electrode in contact with pH=2 solution led to a slope of 196.92 mF -2 Cm4 V-1, which corresponds with electron density of CD+ =4.21×1016 Cm-3. In the case of semiconductor SrTiO3 in contact with aqueous solution pH=2 concentration of donner was calculated CD+=1.273×1016 Cm-3. In contact with the solution pH=12 the concentration of donner is calculated as CD+=1.18×1016 cm-3. Measuring electrical interface capacity of semiconductors n types, SrTiO3 and ZnO in contact with different electrolyte solutions indicates that concentration of the donner CD+ depends on pH and that it has a linear change as with EFb if Dj=0.